Presentation Details
| Accord-specific impact on objectively measured sleep quality: A big-data, pooled interventional analysis Robert Assini1, Luke Gahan2, Elie Gottlieb2, Jack A Bikker1, Mathias Tabert1. 1R&D, International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., Union Beach, NJ, USA.2Sleep.AI, Carlsbad, CA, USA |
Abstract
Sleep disturbance has been increasingly identified as a pervasive health-related issue that can accompany modern lifestyles. A lack of evidence exists as to whether benefits of scent interventions are odor-specific, or if there is a generalized effect of olfactory stimulation on sleep quality. To investigate this, IFF pooled a total of 48 interventional sleep studies (N = 416 participants, 18,054 nights; mean age = 41.5 y; 57.5% female) assessing the impact of 34 unique fragrance accords on both biometrically measured and subjective self-report sleep metrics. Scent-mediated effects were investigated using machine learning-based modeling, leveraging multi-level linear mixed-effects models in partnership with Sleep.AI (formerly SleepScore Labs). Results demonstrated that while subjective reporting of improved sleep quality with scent (vs. control; 0-10 scale) was somewhat uniform (sleep quality +0.13, SE = 0.018, t = 6.91, p <0.05; well-rested +0.23, SE = 0.029, t = 8.05, p <0.05; refreshed +0.16, SE = 0.024, t = 6.79, p <0.05), population-average objective effects were small and non-significant (total sleep time Δ = −0.39 min, SE = 1.13, t = −0.35; REM sleep Δ = +0.30 min, SE = 0.44, t = 0.68; sleep efficiency Δ = +0.03%, SE = 0.12, t = 0.25). Effects of scent on objective measures, however, were accord-specific. REM sleep contrasts, for example, ranged from +9.03 min (SE = 3.59, t = 2.52, p = 0.01) to −8.44 min (SE = 2.99, t = −2.83, p = 0.01). Analyses accounting for age and gender revealed age- and gender-specific effects of scent interventions for both subjective and objective measures. Age × exposure interactions were observed for selected objective metrics. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms of odor-specific effects on biometrically measurable sleep outcomes.
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